Dependency Phonology

Introduction:
Dependency Phonology


Representatives in Dependency phonology:
Luccien Tesniere
John Anderson
Ewan Klein


A collection of papers in Dependency Phonology by John Anderson:
Contrast in phonology, structural analogy, and the interfaces
Structural analogy and universal grammar


Books:
Explorations in Dependency Phonology

Lexical Phonology

Introduction:
What is Lexical Phonology
lexical phonology
Lexical Phonology and Morphology

Representatives:
Paul Kiparsky
K.P.Mohanan

Books:
The Theory of Lexical Phonology

Important Questions in Phonology

Q3. How and why does pronunciation change over time tus giving rise to different dialect and languages, and different forms of the same word or morphemes in different contexts?How can we account for common patterns in diverse languages, such as segment inventories and phonotactics?
2.what are the rules that determine how the sounds combine and influence one another?

Q1.How is language and its parts, including words and morphemes, represented in the mind of the speaker; how is this representation accessed and used? How can we account for the variation in the phonetic shape of these elements as a function of context and speaking style?
1.what is the relationship between allophone and phoneme?
3.How is sound represented in our mind?

4.what are the sciences that interact with phonology?
5.what are the models of phonology?
6.what are the approaches to study phonology?
7.How does phonology interact with other level of linguistics?
8.What is a phonologist interested in?

C2. Elicitaiton as Experimental Phonology

2.1 Introduction
Phonology has changed not just conceptually, but also in terms of methodology
Two sources for phonologists to acquire information
(i)informant sessions
(ii)written sources
John Ohala argued for a more "experimental phonology"
Methods require more than deductive reasoning and a face-to-face analysis
(1) Phonology="the intersection of phonetics and grammar"
(2) Where have all the phonemes gone?
(3) Two classes of phonomenon are clamined to be missing:
a. word level phonology that is completely regular;
b. phrase-level phonology that is not broad phonetics

Preface

Preface

Origin of this book

May 2004 Berkeley, conference on " Methods in Phonology"

Conference in honor of John Ohala

Two central facets of experimental approaches to phonology
Experimental Methods
Phonological Findings
The book is organized in terms of major phonological issues:
Explaining phonological universals
Understanding the phonetic factors
Maintaining, enhancing, modeling of phonological contrast
Assessing phonological knowledge
Introduction
Part I. Theoretical consideration and background
Part II. Phonological universals
Part III. Phonetic variation and phonological change
Part IV. Modeling, maintaining, and enhancing phonological contrast
Part V. Phonotactic and phonological knowledge

C1. Methods in Phonology

C.1 Methods in Phonology
1.1 Introduction
The volume is mostly concerned with methodology, rather than exclusively on particular theories or questions.
1.2 Questions, Answers, Method
a scientific discipline can be characterized by questions, answers and methods.
1.2.1 Questions
the broad questions that are asked in a discipline remain remarkably constant over time. More detailed questions will forever arise no matter how good an answer is provided at any given level.
1.2.2 Theories
the theories given to the questions may vary a great deal.
1.2.3 Methods
The development of new methods can revolutionize a discipline.
Three key elements of “scientific method”:
(i)to present data in an objective way,
(ii)in a quantified way-that is, numerically-
(iii)to present evidence that overcomes doubt
Data should be obtained objectively-with minimal or no influence from the act of observing.